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Источник

В сестринской деятельности используются различные теории и знания. Эти знания сестра использует в информировании пациента, обучая его и руководя им или направляя его.

В настоящее время применяется теория Верджинии Хендерсон.В рамках этой теории Хендерсон попыталась выделить основные человеческие потребности, на удовлетворение которых и должен быть нацелен уход за пациентом. В числе таких потребностей:

1. Дыхание

2. Питание и употребление жидкости

3. Физиологические отправления

4. Двигательная активность

5. Сон и отдых

6. Способность самостоятельно одеваться и раздеваться

7. Поддержание температуры тела и возможность ее регулирования

8. Соблюдение личной гигиены

9. Обеспечение собственной безопасности

10. Общение с другими людьми, возможность выражать свои эмоции и мнение

11. Возможность соблюдать обычаи и обряды согласно вероисповеданиям

12. Возможность заниматься любимой работой

13. Отдых и развлечения

14. Потребность в получении информации

Хендерсон известна так же своим определением сестринского ухода: “Уникальная функция медсестры заключается в оказании помощи индивиду, больному или здоровому, в выполнении таких мероприятий, содействующих сохранению или восстановлению здоровья, которые он мог бы обеспечить себе сам, если бы имел необходимые для этого силы, волю и знания”

Сестринский процесс – научный метод организации и оказания сестринской помощи, выполнения плана ухода за терапевтическими пациентами, исходя из определенной ситуации, в которой находятся пациент и медицинская сестра.

Цель сестринского процесса:

Ø своевременно выявлять настоящие и потенциальные проблемы;

Ø удовлетворять нарушенные жизненно важные потребности пациента;

Ø оказывать психологическую поддержку пациенту;

Ø поддерживать и восстанавливать независимость пациента в удовлетворении ежедневных потребностей его повседневной деятельности.

Сестринский процесс при раке желудка

I этап: сестринское обследование (сбор информации)

При расспросе пациента: медсестра выясняет

· отсутствие физиологического чувства удовлетворения от насыщения пищей,

· чувство переполнения и распирания в эпигастральной области,

· ощущение тупой боли как симптом рака желудка

· снижение или отсутствие аппетита,

· отказ от некоторых видов пищи (мясо, рыба).

· иногда наблюдаются тошнота, рвота.

II этап: определение нарушенных потребностей и проблем пациента

Возможные нарушенные потребности:

физиологические:

– Есть (изжога, тошнота, потеря аппетита )

– Двигаться (слабость, вялость );

– Спать (боли)

Возможные проблемы пациента:

физиологические:

– ощущение вздутия живота после еды;

– периодические боли в животе, ноющие, тянущие, тупые (под левым краем ребер), чаще возникающие после еды

– легкую тошноту;

– потерю аппетита;

– изжогу

– затрудненное глотание;

– рвота кровью или кровь в стуле.

психологические:

– депрессия из-за приобретенного заболевания;

– страх неустойчивости жизнедеятельности;

– недооценка тяжести состояния;

– дефицит знаний о болезни;

– дефицит самообслуживания;

– уход в болезнь;

– изменение образа жизни

социальные:

– утрата трудоспособности,

– материальные трудности в связи со снижением трудоспособности;

– социальная изоляция.

духовные:

– дефицит духовного участия.

приоритетные:

– боль в эпигастральной области.

потенциальные:

– риск развития осложнений.

III этап: планирование сестринских вмешательств

Медицинская сестра совместно с пациентом и его родственниками формулирует цели и планирует сестринские вмешательства по приоритетной проблеме.

Цель сестринских вмешательств заключается в способствование выздоровлению, недопустимости развития осложнений и перехода в более тяжелое течение.

IV этап: реализация сестринских вмешательств

Сестринские вмешательства:

– зависимые (выполняются по назначению врача): обеспечение приема лекарственных препаратов, выполнение инъекций и т.п.;

– независимые (выполняются медсестрой без разрешения врача): рекомендации по диете, измерение АД, пульса, ЧДД, организация досуга пациента и другие;

– взаимозависимые (выполняются медицинской бригадой): обеспечение консультации узких специалистов, обеспечение проведений исследований.

V этап: оценка эффективности сестринских вмешательств

Медицинская сестра оценивает результат вмешательств, реакцию пациента на меры оказания помощи, ухода. Если поставленные цели не достигнуты, медсестра корректирует план сестринских вмешательств

ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ЧАСТЬ
Наблюдение из практики 1

В онкологическом отделении находится на стационарном лечении мужчина 68 лет с диагнозом “рак желудка” 4 стадии. При обследовании выявлены жалобы на рвоту, слабость, отсутствие аппетита, отвращение к мясной пище, похудание, сильные боли в эпигастральной области, отрыжку, вздутие живота. Пациент адинамичен, подавлен, вступает в контакт с трудом, замкнут, испытывает чувство страха смерти.

Объективно: Состояние тяжелое, температура 37,9˚С, кожные покровы бледные с землистым оттенком, больной резко истощен, тургор снижен. ЧДД 18 в 1 мин. В легких дыхание везикулярное. Пульс 78 в 1 мин, удовлетворительно наполнения. АД 120/80 мм. рт. ст. Тоны сердца приглушены, ритмичные. При пальпации в эпигастральной области отмечаются болезненность и напряжение мышц передней брюшной стенки. Печень плотная, болезненная, бугристая, выступает на 5 см. из-под края реберной дуги.

I. Нарушенные потребности пациента:

Ø физиологические:

– в питании (пить)

– быть здоровым (заболевание)

– избегать опасности (возможность развития осложнений)

– поддерживать нормальную температуру тела

– в сне

Ø психосоциальные:

– работать

II. Проблемы настоящие:

– общая слабость

– головная боль

– тошнота

– боль в эпигастральной области

– отсутствие аппетита

– отвращение к мясной пище

– похудение

– вздутие живота

Ø психологические:

– дефицит общения

Ø социальные:

– социальная изоляция

– временная нетрудоспособность

Ø духовные:

– дефицит самореализации

Ø Приоритетная:

– Боль в эпигастральной области

Ø Потенциальные:

риск развития желудочного кровотечения

III.Цель:

Краткосрочная:пациент отметит уменьшение интенсивности болей к 7-му дню лечения.

Долгосрочная:К моменту выписки у пациента наступит адаптация к состоянию своего здоровья

IV.Сестринские вмешательства:

План	Мотивация
Независимые вмешательства
1. Своевременно и правильно выполнять назначения врача	Для эффективного лечения
2. Обеспечить пациенту покой ,уделять повышенное внимание, сочувствие	Для создания психологической поддержки и комфорта
3. Обеспечить соблюдение постельного режима	Для создания физического покоя
4. Обеспечить высококалорийное, легкоусвояемое, богатое белками питание	Для улучшения пищеварения
5. Организовать кормление пациента в постели	Для комфортного состояния
6. Помочь пациенту при физиологических отправлениях и гигиенических процедурах; осуществлять профилактику пролежней, своевременно менять постельное нательное белье	Для поддержания гигиенических условий и профилактика осложнения

7. Обеспечить регулярное проветривание палаты и уборку	Для предупреждения Внутрибольничной инфекции
8. Контролировать температуру, массу тела, пульс, АД, стул, цвет мочи	Для контроля состояния
9. Обучить родственников контакту и уходу за онкологическим больным	Для профилактики пролежней, инфекционных осложнений, аспирации рвотных масс
Зависимые вмешательства
1. Режим постельный 2. диета №1 – При заболеваниях пищевода, желудка и двенадцатиперстной кишки	Для улучшения пищеварения
УЗИ печени, почек.	Определение функционального состояния внутренних органов.
Церукал по 1 таблетке 3 раза в день.	Для снижения тошноты, рвоты

V. Оценка:Пациент отметил улучшение самочувствия, значительное уменьшение интенсивности болей. Цель достигнута

Наблюдение из практики 2

Пациент 63 лет госпитализирован в гастроэнтерологическое отделение с диагнозом рак желудка. Пациент отмечает чувство тяжести и иногда тупые боли в эпигастрии, снижение массы тела, быструю утомляемость. Аппетит резко снижен, часто отказывается от еды. Потребляет менее литра жидкости в сутки. Любит горячий чай с лимоном, кофе. Из-за слабости трудно самому принимать пищу – не удерживает и проливает, устаёт уже после нескольких ложек.

Пациент пониженного питания (рост 180 см, вес 69 кг). Кожные покровы бледные. Слизистые полости рта обычной окраски, сухие. Язык обложен коричневым налётом с неприятным запахом. Глотание не нарушено. Зубы сохранены. Температура тела 36,8°С. Пульс 76 в мин., удовлетворительных качеств, АД 130/80 мм рт. ст., ЧДД 16 в мин.

Жена пациента обратилась к сестре за советом в связи с его отказом от еды (последние два дня пьёт только воду). Физиологические отправления без особенностей.

Нарушенные потребности:

– в питании

– в безопасности

– поддерживать состояние

Проблемы пациента:

– отказывается от приёма пищи;

Приоритетная проблема:

– отказывается от приёма пищи.

Потенциальная проблема:

– риск развития обезвоживания

Цель: пациент будет получать с пищей не менее 1500 ккал и жидкости не менее литра (по согласованию с врачом).

План	Мотивация
Независимые вмешательства
1. М/с будет проводить с пациентом беседы о необходимости полноценного питания для улучшения здоровья.	Убедить в необходимости принимать пищу.
2. М/с с помощью родственников разнообразит меню, учитывая вкусы пациента и назначенную врачом диету.	Возбудить аппетит.
3. Сестра будет предлагать пациенту жидкость каждый час (тёплая кипячёная вода, некрепкий чай, щелочная минеральная вода).	Профилактика обезвоживания.
4. Сестра будет кормить пациента часто, но небольшими порциями (6-7 раз в сутки по 100 граммов), мягкой полужидкой калорийной пищей. Сестра будет как можно чаще привлекать близких к кормлению пациента.	Возбудить аппетит.
5. М/с с разрешения врача включит в рацион травяной чай для возбуждения аппетита, мясные и рыбные бульоны.	Возбудить аппетит. Усилить слюноотделение.
6. М/с эстетически оформит прием пищи. М/с будет регулярно проветривать палату перед кормлением пациента.	Возбудить аппетит.
7. Сестра будет тщательно следить за состоянием полости рта пациента (дважды в день чистить зубы, очищать язык от налёта, полоскать рот после приёма пищи растворами слабых антисептиков).	Обеспечить возможность принимать пищу через рот.
8. Сестра будет учитывать количество съеденной пищи и выпитой жидкости, водный баланс ежедневно. По возможности сестра один раз в 3 дня будет взвешивать пациента.	Критерии эффективности проводимых мероприятий.

Оценка: пациент регулярно принимает пищу и жидкость. Цель достигнута.

Выводы

Проанализировав обе сестринские истории болезни пациентов, страдающих Раком желудка, видны различия в оказании медицинской помощи:

– в первом случае, выполняя сестринский процесс, медицинская сестра выявляет нарушенные потребности и проблемы пациента, решая их с учетом приоритетности;

– во втором случае сестринский процесс заключается в оказании помощи при отказе от приема пищи, связанный с резким снижением аппетита и риском развития обезвоживания

Знания этиологии, клинической картины, особенностей диагностики и лечения, а так же возможных осложнений необходимы медицинской сестре для квалифицированного выполнения сестринского процесса.

ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ

Рак желудка остается одной из самых злободневных проблем современной медицины. По современным статистическим данным, умершие от злокачественных новообразований составляют около 1/6 всех умерших. Среди них почти 30% умирают от рака желудка. Это свидетельствует о большой социальной значимости раковых заболеваний вообще и рака желудка в частности.
Сегодня стала возможной уверенная диагностика ранних стадий рака желудка. Это обстоятельство приобретает особо важное значение. Так, по данным японских авторов, при расположении рака желудка в пределах слизистой оболочки выживаемость после радикальной операции доходит до 100%; при прорастании опухоли в подслизистый слой этот показатель снижается до 75%; при инвазии рака в мышечную и серозную оболочку желудка выживаемость соответственно составляет не более 25%. Наименьший размер рака желудка, при котором удавалось обнаружить метастазы в лимфатические узлы, был равен 1,3 см в диаметре. При локализации рака только в пределах слизистой оболочки желудка метастазы в 1-2 регионарных лимфатических узлах выявлялись почти в 6% случаев, при проникновении опухоли в подслизистый слой частота метастазирования доходила до 21% и более. Однако глубина проникновения рака в стенку желудка далеко не всегда определяется его размерами. Бывают случаи, когда новообразование достигает 10 см в диаметре и не распространяется за пределы слизистой оболочки желудка.
В настоящее время медицина располагает методами исследований (рентгенологический, эндоскопический с прицельной биопсией и последующим морфологическим и цитологическим исследованием), которые позволяют диагностировать рак желудка на самых ранних его стадиях. Других методов достоверной диагностики рака желудка в начальной стадии его развития в настоящее время нет.

Однако наличие аппаратуры, с помощью которой можно распознавать рак на раннем этапе его развития, еще не гарантирует своевременной диагностики. Отсутствие патогномоничных симптомов для рака (в том числе раннего) желудка и так называемые клинические маски его проявления, позднее обращение больных к врачу и нередко длительное их обследование приводят к тому, что чаще всего больных оперируют уже в поздней стадии.
Поэтому для успешного лечения рака желудка необходимы, помимо наличия специальной аппаратуры, широкие организационные мероприятия, в частности массовые профилактические осмотры населения. Пока нет единой методики проведения таких осмотров. Чаще всего тщательному обследованию подлежат группы повышенного риска, в которые объединены лица с так называемыми предраковыми заболеваниями желудка в возрасте от 40 до 60 лет. Несомненно, что, несмотря на некоторые успехи, система активного выявления случаев раннего рака желудка должна совершенствоваться.

Дальнейшие усилия ученых по изучению причин возникновения рака вообще и рака желудка в частности, разработка новых методов диагностики и лечения рака желудка должны привести к радикальному решению данной проблемы.

Важную роль в уходе за пациентами с онкологией желудка играют беседа и совет, который может дать медсестра в определенной ситуации. Эмоциональная, интеллектуальная и психологическая поддержка помогает больному подготовиться к настоящим или к предстоящим изменениям, возникающим из-за стресса, который всегда присутствует при обострении заболевания. Итак, сестринская помощь нужна для того, чтобы помогать пациенту решать возникающие проблемы со здоровьем, не допускать ухудшения состояния и возникновения новых проблем со здоровьем

СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

1. Смолева Э.В. Терапия с курсом первичной медико-санитарной помощи / Э. В. Смолева, Е. Л. Аподиакос. – Изд. 10-е, доп. – Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2012. – 652,

2. Елисеев А.Г. Большая медицинская энциклопедия: в 30 т. – Калининград: Мастерская «Коллекция»; Москва: АРИА-АиФ, 2012. – Т.6: жел-инф. – 218с.,

3. Лычев В.Г. Сестринское дето в терапии. С курсом первичной медицинской помощи: учебное пособие / В.Г. Лычев, В.К. Карманов. – 2-е изд., перераб. И доп. – М. : ФОРУМ: ИНФРА-М, 2013. – 304 с. – (Профессиональное образование).

4. Смирнова М.В. К18 – Калининград: Мастерская «Коллекция»; Москва: АРИА-АиФ, 2012. – 128 с. – (Большая медицинская энциклопедия: Секреты семейного доктора; Том 30).

5. Интернет-ресурсы:

1) https:// elite-medicine.narod.ru›oncol23.html

2) https://womanadvice.ru/himioterapiya-pri-rake-zheludka#ixzz42Ke0yC8T

3) https://rak.hvatit-bolet.ru/vid/rak-zheludka/pitanie-pri-rake-zheludka.html

4) https://virusgepatit.ucoz.ru›index/rak_zheludka_prichiny

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